Paiwan Evey Day 480: kai (IX-FIN)

a kai na sepaiwan izua 27 a vecikan tua ljingau nua tjakai, 

semanvavecikan tua kai nua sepaiwan a caucau. 

saljinga itjen tu sasivecikan tu tjatjuruvu a saigu,

sa ‘aqati a tjakai a sivecik a sepazurung,

sa ‘aqati a izua tjaliyawanan a vecik a maqati a ‘ituluin nua tjatjaivilivililj. 

Free translation:

For the language of Paiwan people, there are 27 symbols for the sound of our language. 

With them we make the written literature of the Paiwan people. 

We hope more and more people can learn to write, 

and we can write our language and promote the language, 

and there can still be more written materials, which can be used to teach the younger generation. 

Word gloss: 

1. a: subject case marker
2. kai na sepaiwan: language of Paiwan people
3. izua: there is
4. vecik-an: writing symbol
5. tua: OBL
6. ljingau: sound
7. nua: of, GEN
8. tja-kai: our language
9. s<em>an-va-vecik-an: make or produce written literature
10. sepaiwan a caucau: Paiwan people
11. saljinga: wish to, hope to
12. itjen: we, 1st person plural NOM INCL
13. tu: that, complementizer
14. sa-si-vecik-an: that which is used in writing or the written language
15. tja-tjuruvu: more and more people. tja- 'comparative'; tjuruvu 'many, used for people'. 
16. saigu: be able to or can
17. sa: and, then, CONJ‘
18. ‘aqati or kaqati or maqati: be able to
19. sivecik: to be used in writing or written down
20. se-pa-zurung: to be promoted
21. tja-liyaw-anan: still even more
22. ‘ituluin or ki-tulu-in: be taught, UV. The root is tulu 'teach'. 
23. tja-tjai-vili-vilji: descendants or younger generation

Voice file: 

From tinagiljan a semanvecik tua kai nua sepaiwan 'The Origin of Writing in Paiwan Language'. 

This article is narrated by Pastor ljumeg, Tsai Ai-lien, and very likely written by her too.

Paiwan Every Day 479: kai (VIII)

‘a 2005 a cavilj pasemalaw a sihu tua sivecikan nua kacalisiyan na kai. 

pai, avananga a tjavecik a patje tucu. 

sa pakakacui a vecik nua i kiukai ‘atua siniljaui nua sihu,

sa avananga a maseljuseljudj tucu tua semanvavecikan tua tjakai a sepaiwan. 

Free translation: 

In 2005 the government announced the writing systems of indigenous languages. 

Look, they have become our writing systems until now. 

And they integrated the system used in the church and announced by the government, 

and they have been used now for the making of the written literature for us Paiwan people. 

Word gloss: 

1. ‘a or ka: a time in the past
2. a: LIG
3. cavilj: year
4. pasemalaw: tell, announce, AV. 
5. a: subject case marker
6. sihu: government, loanword from Japanese 政府 せいふ. 
7. tua: OBL
8. si-vecik-an: that which is used for writing or writing system. si- 'IF'; the root is vecik 'writing, drawing, pattern'; -an 'nominalization NMZ'.
9. nua: of, GEN
10. ka-calisi-(y)an: indigenous
11. na: of, GEN
12. kai: language
13. pai: vocative
14. avan-anga: have been. avan 'is, equal to'; -anga 'COS'. 
15. tja-vecik: our writing. tja- 'our, 1st person plural GEN proclitic'. 
16. patje: until
17. tucu: now
18. sa: and, CONJ
19. pakakcui: intergrate or fix by combining or mixing. I cannot find the root of this word. 
20. i: in or at, LOC
21. kiukai: church, loanword from Japanese 教会 きょうかい. 
22. ‘atua or katua: and
23. siniljaui: announced or made, UV. I cannot find the root of this word. 
24. maseljuseljudj: to have been used or kept for. I cannot find the root of this word. 
25. s<em>an-va-vecik-an: make the written literature, AV. seman- 'make, manufacture'; va- 'frozen prefix with unclear meaning'; the root is vecik 'writing'; -an 'NMZ'. pinavavecikan is used as contract; literally in Paiwan the word  means that which is put in the writing, UV. 
26. se-paiwan: Paiwan people

Voice file:

From tinagiljan a semanvecik tua kai nua sepaiwan 'The Origin of Writing in Paiwan Language'. 

This article is narrated by Pastor ljumeg, Tsai Ai-lien, and very likely written by her too.

Paiwan Every Day 478: kai (VII)

‘a patagitagilj a ta semansisiu ‘ata sambika 

a kasi i casaw a mareka rutjaucikecikel, 

sinivecik tua kai nua sepaiwan 

tu sikamadjuluan nua vecik ta kai, 

sa ‘ivavadaqan tua ramaljemaljeng, sa patagilj a semanvecik tua tjakai. 

pai, a kinateveteveljan na kiukai

namasanpazangal aravac ta tjakinitulu tua tjakai a sepaiwan. 

Free translation: 

Every missionary that came from outside started to make the Bible and hymns. 

The Paiwan language was written down, 

in order that the written language is easy to understand, 

they asked elders and started to make the writing of our language. 

Now, the meeting in the church 

has become a very important place for our instruction of our Paiwan language. 

Word gloss: 

1. ‘a or ka: a time in the past
2. pa-tagi-tagilj: in the beginning or start to. The root is tagilj 'start' in RED. 
3. a: LIG
4. ta seman-sisiu ‘ata (or kata) sambika: the making (that is translating or writing) of the Bible and praise songs, AV. s<em>an 'to make or manufacture'; both sisiu and sambika are loanwords from Japanese 聖書せいしょ and 賛美歌さんびか. 
5. kasi-i-casaw: that coming from outside or the outsider
6. mareka: every, each
7. ru-tjau-cike-cikel: missionary or teacher. The root is tjaucikel 'story' in RED. 
8. s<in>i-vecik: used as written word, UV and IF. The root is vecik 'writing, pattern, drawing'. 
9. tua: OBL
10. kai: language
11. nua: of, GEN
12. se-paiwan: Paiwan people
13. tu: in order that, complementary. This is also an interesting functional word. 
14. si-ka-ma-djulu-an: to make something easy to understand, UV. si- 'IF'; ka-an 'principal, main'; ma- 'to be in the condition of, agent marker'; the root is djulu 'easy'. 
15. tja-kai: our language. tja 'our, 1st person plural GEN prolitic'; kai 'language'.
16. nua: GEN, here used as the subject of the UV verb
17. vecik ta kai: the writing of language
18. sa: then, and, CONJ
19. ‘ivavadaqan or ki-va-va-daq-an: were asking, AV. The root is vadaq 'ask, question' in RED. 
20. ramaljemaljeng: elders
21. pai: vocative
22. k<in>a-teve-tevelj-an: meeting or congregation. The root is tevelj 'meet, gather' in RED. 
23. kiukai: church, loanword from Japanese 教会きょうかい. 
24. na-masan-pazangal: have become important
25. aravac: very, quite
26. tja-k<in>i-tulu: our instruction, UV. The root is tulu 'teach'. 
27. tja-kai nua sepaiwan: our Paiwan language. It is obvious that this article uses a lot of the prolitic tja, which indicates that language is a community rather than individual property. 

Voice file: 

From tinagiljan a semanvecik tua kai nua sepaiwan 'The Origin of Writing in Paiwan Language'. 

This article is narrated by Pastor ljumeg, Tsai Ai-lien, and very likely written by her too.

Paiwan Every Day 477: kai (VI)

masatemulu tua sinzia, 

pai ‘a i 1951 izua rutjaucikecikel a kemasi ingeris a bukesi a ti yuhani,

sinkauljan a pasa ta qinaljan nua sepaiwan. 

‘itulu timadju tua kai na pinaiwanan, 

sa pusaladj a ‘emumalj tua pinaiwanan a sisiu ‘atua sambika, 

sa a patagiljanga a vencik tua pinaiwanan a kai. 

Free translation: 

In order to teach believers, 

see, in 1952, there was a pastor and missionary, yuuhani (Reverend John Whitehorn), from England,. 

he was sent to the villages of the Paiwan people. 

He studied the Paiwan language, 

and helped to change (translate) the Bible and hymns to the Paiwan language, 

and this began the writing of the Paiwan language. 

Word gloss: 

1.  ma-sa-t<em>ulu: to be able to teach, AV. ma- and <em> 'AV marker'; sa- 'wish to'; the root is tulu 'teach'. 
2. tua: OBL
3. sinzia: believer, loanword from Japanese 信者 しんじゃ. 
4. pai: vocatives
5. i: in or at, LOC
6. izua: there is
7. ru-tjau-cike-cikel: someone in the habit of teaching or missionary. The root is tjaucikel 'story, reason'.
8. k<em>asi: come from, AV. The root is kasi 'to be from, come from'.
9. ingeris: England  
10. bukesi: pastor, loanword from Japanese 牧師 ボクシ. 
11. yuhani: Reverend Joahn Whitehorn
12. s<in>kaulj-an: to be sent to. The root is sekaulj 'serve, to be a missionary of'. 
13. pasa: go to
14. qinaljan: village
15. nua: GEN
16. se-paiwan: Paiwan people
17. ‘itulu or kitulu: studied or learned, AV. The root is tulu 'teach, instruct'. 
18. ti-madju: he, 3rd person singular NOM
19. kai na p<in>aiwan-an: language of Paiwan
20. sa: then, and, CONJ
21. pu-saladj: helped or assisted with. pu- 'to obtain'; saladj 'companion, partner'. 
22. ‘<em>umalj: change, i.e. translate, AV. The root is umalj- 'change, alter'. This is interesting phonologically. When a Paiwan word begins with a verb, the AV form starts with m- like m-alap 'to take', but this one starts with the infix <em>. It is reasonable to think there must be a glottal /q/ or /k/ or /‘/ before the infix because infix does not stand in the beginning of a word. Therefore, I added the glottal. 
23. sisiu: Bible, loanword from Japanese 聖書 せいしょ. 
24. ‘atua or katua: and
25. sambika: hymns or praise songs, loanword from Japanese 賛美歌 さんびか. 
26. pa-tagilj-anga: it started already. The root is tagilj 'start'; -anga 'COS'. 
27. v<en>(e)cik: write, AV
28. p<in>aiwan-an a kai: Paiwan language

Voice file: 

From tinagiljan a semanvecik tua kai nua sepaiwan 'The Origin of Writing in Paiwan Language'. 

This article is narrated by Pastor ljumeg, Tsai Ai-lien, and very likely written by her too. 

Paiwan Every Day 476: kai (V)

pai ka 1945 a cavilj, mangetjez a sinzia a krisitu a ciuru kiukai

a sema tua qinaljan nua sepaiwan a patagilj. 

ayatua tjuruvu aravac a caucau a masalu, 

sa meliyaw a isauniuni a liningedjelj a kiukai. 

Free translation:

Since the year of 1945, believers of the Christian Presbyterian church

started to arrive at the Paiwan villages. 

Because there were very many people who believed, 

and the church soon grew very fast. 

Word gloss: 

1. pai: vocative
2. ka: indicating a time in past, case marker?
3. a: LIG
4. cavilj: year
5. mangetjez: come, arrive, AV. ma- 'to be in the condition of'; the root is ngetjez 'come'. 
6. a: subject case marker
7. sinzia: believers, loanword from Japanese信者しんじゃ.
8. krisitu: Christ
9. ciuru kiukai: Presbyterian church, loanword from Japanese 長老ちょうろう 教会きょうかい.
10. s<em>a: to, AV
11. tua: OBL
12. qinaljan: village
13. nua: of, GEN
14. se-paiwan: Paiwan people. se- 'belonging to or coming from a certain place'. 
15. pa-tagilj: start, for the first time, in the beginning. pa- 'to cause to be'; the root is tagilj 'start, beginning'. 
16. ayatua: because
17. tjuruvu: a lot of, used for people
18. aravac: quite, very
19. caucau: people
20. ma-salu: believe, AV. The root is salu 'faith, believe, thank'. 
21. isauniuni: soon, in a short time
22. l<in>ingedjelj: grew. The root is lingedjelj 'stand'. 

Voice file: 

From tinagiljan a semanvecik tua kai nua sepaiwan 'The Origin of Writing in Paiwan Language'. 

This article is narrated by Pastor ljumeg, Tsai Ai-lien, and very likely written by her too. 

Paiwan Every Day 475: kai (IV)

amin a vecik 

a pasemalaw tua pasasevalivalit, tua penacalivatan na taqaljaqaljan, 

a papacun tua natemalidu a kakudan nua kacalisiyan, 

sa tuluwan, sa pazurungan. 

ljakua neka nu vecik tua kai nua kacalisiyan. 

Free translation: 

There is only pattern,

with which to tell the changes, the history of fellow villagers,

to show the impressive part of the indigenous culture, 

and its instruction, and its continuance.  

However, there is no written language for indigenous peoples. 

Word gloss: 

1. amin: only
2. a: subject case marker
3. vecik: pattern, drawing
4. a: to or for the purpose of, LIG
5. pasemalaw: to tell or explain, AV
6. tua: OBL
7. pa-sa-se-vali-valit: changes. pa- 'to cause to be'; sa-  and se- 'have the quality of'; the root is valit 'change, replacement' in RED
8. p<en>a-calivat-an: things that have passed or history, UV. The root is calivat 'pass over'; -an 'nominalization'. 
9. na: of, GEN
10. taqaljaqaljan: villgers or community members
11. pa-pa-cun: to show or present. The root is cun 'see'. 
12. na-t<em>alidu: exciting or interesting or impressive, AV. na- 'have become'; the root is talidu 'appreciate, spectacular'. 
13. ka-kud(a)-an: culture
14. nua: of, GEN
15. ka-calisi-(y)an: hill or indigenous people
16. sa: and, then
17. tulu-(w)an: instruction. The root is tulu 'teach'; -an 'NMZ'. 
18. pa-zurung-an: continuance or transmission. pa- 'to cause to be'; the root is zurung 'push forward'; -an 'NMZ'. 
19. ljakua: but, CONJ
20. neka: no or not, NEG
21. nu: this is also very interesting case marker to think further about. Is it a demonstrative for Paiwan? I see it many times functioning as demonstrative before a noun. 
22. vecik tua kai: written language 

Voice file: 

From tinagiljan a semanvecik tua kai nua sepaiwan 'The Origin of Writing in Paiwan Language'. 

This article is narrated by Pastor ljumeg, Tsai Ai-lien, and very likely written by her too. 

Paiwan Every Day 474: kai (III)

ljakua a kacalisiyan i Taiwan, 

kemasicuai amin a tjaucikel, amin a vecik, 

a pitua inalang a kasiw, a qaciljai, katua vincikan a itung, 

a inalang a cempu, a vincikan i ta lima. 

Free translation:

But for indigenous peoples in Taiwan, 

for a long time, there is only oral story, only pattern

as per patterns made on the tree trunk, on the stone, and drawn on clothing, 

drawn in weaving, written on the hand. 

Word gloss:

1. ljakua: but, CONJ
2. a: subject case marker
3. ka-calisi-(y)an: hill people or indigenous people. The root is calisi 'hill, slope'; -an 'specific location in space, referent focus, NMZ'. 
4. i: in or at, LOC
5. k<em>asi-cuai: coming for a long time ago, AV. kasi 'come from'; cuai 'a long time ago'. 
6. amin: only, alone
7. tjaucikel: story telling, oral history
8. vecik: pattern, line, cruve or drawing
9. a: LIG
10. pitua: as per, according to
11. <in>-a-lang: made, UV. The root is lang 'make'; malang means to make, AV. The vowel /a/ must be an addition to make the word pronounciable, like lap and m-a-lap 'take, AV'. 
12. a: subject case marker
13. kasiw: tree
14. qaciljai: stone
15. katua: and, CONJ
16. v<in>cik-an: the thing that is drawn or pattern, UV. The root is vecik 'pattern'; /e/ disappears phonologically. 
17. itung: clothing
18. c<em>pu: weave, AV. The root is cepu 'weaving'; /e/ disappears phonologically. 
19. lima: hand

Voice file: 

From tinagiljan a semanvecik tua kai nua sepaiwan 'The Origin of Writing in Paiwan Language'. 

This article is narrated by Pastor ljumeg, Tsai Ai-lien, and very likely written by her too.

Paiwan Every Day 473: kai (II)

namasan ljuqes, vavak nua i naqinaljanan. 

sa a tjakai mavan napakeljangan tua tjakakudakudan a i qinaljan. 

Free translation:

It [Language] is the essence and soul of a people. 

Our language is the means through which we present our culture in the indigenous village. 

Word gloss: 

1. na-masan: has been. na- 'PRF'; masan 'to be'. 
2. ljuqes: essence
3. vavak: soul
4. nua: of, GEN
5. i: in or at, LOC
6. na-qinaljan-an: people of a village. na- 'of, belonging to, GEN'; the root is qinaljan 'village'; -an 'specific location in space, referent focus'.
7. sa: then, and, CONJ
8. a: subject case marker
9. tja-kai: our (spoken) language. tja- 'our, GEN, proclitic'; kai 'language, spoken word'. 
10. mavan: is exactly
11. na-pa-keljang-an: to make known or reveal or present. pa- 'to cause to occur'; the root is keljang 'know, understand'; -an 'reference focus'. 
12. tua: OBL
13. tja-ka-kuda-kud(a)-an: our ways of life or our culture. ka- 'inchoative marker'; the root is kuda 'custom'; -an 'NZM'. [Now I am getting curious about -an. This suffix is used a lot and has many functions or meanings.]
14. a: LIG
15. i: LOC
16. qinaljan: village

Voice file: 

From tinagiljan a semanvecik tua kai nua sepaiwan 'The Origin of Writing in Paiwan Language'. 

This article is narrated by Pastor ljumeg, Tsai Ai-lien, and very likely written by her too.

Paiwan Every Day 472: kai (I)

a kai nua caucau sinipavai nua cemas, 

a napakisumalji a manguaqan, 

tjasipakakeljakeljangan tua tjavarung. 

Free translation: 

Human language is a gift from God, 

a very special blessing, 

the means through which we reveal our heart. 

Word gloss: 

1. a: subject case marker
2. kai: language
3. nua: GEN
4. caucau: people, human being
5. s<in>i-pa-vai: given, UV. si- 'IF'; pa- 'to cause to be'; the root is vai 'give, offer'. 
6. nua cemas: literally of god, but to be understood as by god because the agent of a UV verb in Paiwan is in GEN. 
7. a: subject case marker
8. na-pa-ki-su-malji: different or special. na- 'PRF'; pa- 'to cause to be'; ki- 'to get, obtain'; su- '?';  the root is malji 'different'. 
9. a: LIG
10. ma-nguaq-an: blessing, NVZ. ma- 'to be in the condition of'; the root is nguaq 'good, well'; -an 'nominalization'. 
11. tja-si-pa-ka-kelja-keljang-an: used by us to make known or to show, IF. tja- 'our, GEN, proclitic, used as the agent of IF sentence'; si- 'IF'; pa- 'to cause to be'; ka- 'inchoative marker'; the root is keljang 'know, understand' in RED; -an 'referent focus'. [This word is complicated. A Paiwan word is a sentence. Can there be two focuses in one Paiwan word? Can this word combine UV and IF?]
12. tua: OBL
13. tja-varung: our heart. The root is varung 'heart'. 

Voice file: 

From tinagiljan a semanvecik tua kai nua sepaiwan 'The Origin of Writing in Paiwan Language'. 

This article is narrated by Pastor ljumeg, Tsai Ai-lien, and very likely written by her too. 

Paiwan Every Day 471: nasi // minasinasi

nu ini'anga kaminasinasi a caucau a qemuzimuzip, tjasannamacaiyanga. 

Free translation: 

If a person or an animal is no longer breathing, we think they died already. 

Word gloss: 

1. nu: if
2. ini'(a)-anga: no longer, not anymore
3. ka-mi-nasi-nasi: is breathing, AV. ka- 'inchoative'; mi- 'anget marker'; the root is nasi 'breath' in RED
4. a: subject case marker
5. caucau: people, human 
6. a: LIG
7. qemuzimuzip: animal
8. tja-san-na-ma-cai-(y)anga: we consider dead. tja- 'our'; san- 'construct'; na- 'PRF'; ma- 'to be in the condition of'; the root is cai 'death'; -anga 'COS'. 

Voice file: 

From CIP Online Paiwan Dictionary minasinasi. 

Paiwan Every Day 470: nasi // minasi

pazangal a cuai itjen i ta zaljum a inika minasi. 

Free translation:

It is difficult for us to stay in the water for a long time and not breathe. 

Word gloss:

1. pa-zangal: difficult. The root is zangal 'value, significance'. 
2. a: LIG
3. cuai: for a long time
4. itjen: we, 1st person plural NOM INCL
5. i: in or at, LOC
6. ta: OBL
7. zaljum: water
8. a: LIG
9. inika: not, NEG
10. mi-nasi: to breathe, AV. mi- 'agent marker for certain verbs, usually intransitive'; the root is nasi 'life, breath'. 

Voice file:

From CIP Online Paiwan Dictionary minasi. 

Paiwan Every Day 469: nasi // sinasi

aicu a maqesang a caucau, nakuya a sinasi nimadju. 

Free translation: 

He or she who has asthma has a weak respitory system. 

Word gloss: 

1. a-icu: this. a 'subject case marker'; the root is icu 'this, these'. 
2. a: LIG
3. ma-qesang: cough, in extension asthma. ma- 'to be in the condition of, AV'; the root is qesang 'cough'. 
4. a: LIG
5. caucau: people
6. na-kuya: bad, poor, weak. The root is kuya 'bad'. 
7. s<in>asi: thing or organ used for breathing, respitory system, UV. The root is nasi 'breath, life'. 
8. ni-madju: his or her, 3rd person singular GEN

Voice file: 

From CIP Online Paiwan Dictionary sinasi. 

Paiwan Every Day 468: nasi // punasi

punasi tua nguanguaq. 

Free translation: 

Be given a blessed life. 

Word gloss: 

1. pu-nasi: to get life or to obtain life. pu- 'get or obtain'; the root is nasi 'life'. 
2. tua: OBL
3. ngua-nguaq: good or well. The root is nguaq 'good, well' in RED. 

Voice file: 

From CIP Online Paiwan Dictionary punasi. 

Paiwan Every Day 467: nasi

nekanga nu tjapazangal tua tjanasi. 

Free translation:

Nothing is more valuable than our life. 

Word gloss: 

1. nek(a)-anga: nothing, no more. The root is neka 'no, not'; -anga 'COS'. 
2. nu: COMP
3. tja-pa-zangal: more important or valuable. tja- 'comparative, prefix'; pa- 'to cause to be'; the root is zangal 'value, importance'. 
4. tua: OBL
5. tja-nasi: our life, our breath. tja- 'our, 1st person plural GEN, prolitic'; the main word is nasi 'life'. 

Voice file:

From CIP Online Paiwan Dictionary nasi. 

Paiwan Every Day 466: gadu // gemaduan

liaw a sacemel i gemaduan. 

Free translation: 

The mountain area is filled with game. 

Word gloss: 

1. liaw: many, a lot of
2. a: subject case marker
3. sacemel: game
4. i: in or at, LOC
5. g<em>adu-an: mountain area. The root is gadu 'mountain'; -an 'nominalization of location'. I am not so sure about the semantic difference between gemaduan and gadu or gadugadu. Morphologically, this word may be the place where you gemadu 'goes to the mountain', that is the mountain area, though the word gemadu may not exist. Or does the circumfix <em>...an actually exist? I have not found an example yet. Hopefully will do one day. 

Voice file: 

From CIP Online Paiwan Dictionary gemaduan. 

Paiwan Every Day 465: gadu // magadu

djuljam aya itjen tua uqaljay nu mapana izua inalap, nu magadu izua qinaljup. 

Free translation:

We call a man a crown hunter if he always catches fish in the river and catches game in the mountain. 

Word gloss: 

1. djuljam: a crown hunter who never returns without game. In Paiwan, hunter is cinunan. cinunan goes hunting in the mountains, though not always with success. A brilliant hunter who never fails to bring game home is called djuljam by his people. 
2. aya: say
3. itjen: we, 1st person plural NOM INCL
4. tua: OBL
5. uqaljay: man or boy
6. nu: if or when
7. ma-pana: to be in the river or to go to the river. The root is pana 'river'. 
8. izua: have, there is
9.  <in>a-lap: catches or gains, UV. Literally, it means things that are caught. The root is lap 'take, catch'. 
10. ma-gadu: to be in the mountains or to go to the mountains. The root is gadu 'mountain'. 
11. q<in>aljup: game, UV. Literally, it means things that are hunted. The root is qaljup 'hunt, hunting area'. qaljup is also a noun, meaning the leaves of Miscanthus or Chinese silvergrass used as the wrapping of sticky rice or millet. 

Voice file: 

From CIP Online Paiwan Dictionary magadu. 

Paiwan Every Day 464: gadu // gadugadu

i gadugadu a nia umaq. valivali nu kaljaculjuwan. 

Free translation:

Our house is on the hill. It is cool in summer. 

Word gloss: 

1. i: in or at, LOC
2. gadu-gadu: hill. The root is gadu 'mountain' in RED, used to indicate decrease in size. 
3. a: subject case marker
4. nia: our, 1st person pluralGEN
5. umaq: house. uma' is also heard in sinvaudjan paiwan. 
6. vali-vali: to have breeze or wind. The root is vali 'wind' in RED, used to indicate a continuous movement of wind of lesser strength or scale. 
7. nu: if or when, CONJ
8. kalja-culju-(w)an: summer. kalja...an 'time characterized by something'; the root is culju 'heat'. 

Voice file: 

From CIP Online Paiwan Dictionary gadugadu. 

Paiwan Every Day 463: kuda // mikemudan

inika nanguaq a mikemudan itjen. 

Free translation: 

It's not good to boast about ourselves. 

Word gloss: 

1. inika: not, NEG
2. na-nguaq: good or well. The root is nguaq 'good, well'. 
3. a: LIG
4. mi-k<em>ud(a)-an: to boast about or to act arrogant. 
5. itjen: we, 1st person plural NOM INCL

Voice file:

From CIP Online Paiwan Dictionary mikemudan. 

In southern Paiwan, the same word becomes misakemudan. I often hear elders use misaiguan 'to act or be smart or to be proud'. 

Paiwan Every Day 462: kuda // makudakuda

makudakuda a kakaveliyan nu sa kava?

Free translaion:

How much is this piece of clothing?

Word gloss: 

1. ma-kuda-kuda: how much, for value or price. The root is kuda 'what'. In my dialect sinvaudjan Paiwan, we use 'pida'. 
2. a: subject case marker
3. ka-ka-veli-yan: price. The root is veli 'buy, sell, trade'. Morphologically, I think the combination has two steps:  ka-veli-an and then ka-kavelian. The first ka- is 'inchoative marker', and the second ka- is unclear. -an is NMZ (nominalization). Needs more data to compare and confirm. 
4. nu: of, GEN
5. sa: this? or za 'that'?
6. kava: clothes. We use itung in southern Paiwan.

Voice file: 

From CIP Online Paiwan Dictionary makudakuda. 

In my dialect sinvaudjan Paiwan, we will say, pida a kakaveliyan na aicu a itung? 

Paiwan Every Day 461: kuda // sikudaan

pakananguaq amen a mapuljat tua su sikudaan. 

Free translation:

We all admire your style. 

Word gloss: 

1. pa-ka-nanguaq: to consider good or admire. pa- 'to cause to be'; ka- 'inchoative'; the root is nanguaq 'good, nice, well'. 
2. amen: we, 1st person plural NOM EXCL
3. a: LIG
4. ma-puljat: all. ma- 'to be in the condition of'; the root is puljat 'all, every'. 
5. tua: OBL
6. su: your, 2nd person singular GEN
7. si-kuda-an: behavior, style, how one conducts him- or herself. The root is kuda 'custom, way of being'. The vowels 'a' in this case do not merge. 

Voice file: 

From CIP Online Paiwan Dictionary sikudaan. 

Paiwan Every Day 460: kuda // kudakudain

anema kudakudain niamadju i pukukan?

Free translation: 

What are they doing in the chicken farm?

Word gloss: 

1. a-nema: what
2. kuda-kuda-in: activity or doing, UV. The root is kuda 'what'. 
3. niamadju: their, 3rd person plural GEN
4. i: in or at, LOC
5. pu-kuk(a)-an: chicken farm or henhouse. pu- 'to have'; the root is kuka 'chicken'; -an 'localization'. 

Voice file: 

From CIP Online Paiwan Dictionary kudakudain. 

parekiljivaljivak tiamadju. 😆😆

Paiwan Every Day 459: kuda // kitjukuda

maya kinemenem tua kitjukuda tua su cekelj. 

Free translation: 

Do not think of leaving your spouse. 

Word gloss: 

1. maya: do not
2. ki-nemenem: think or or plan. The root is nemnem 'think, plan'. 
3. tua: OBL
4. kitju-kuda: divorce or departure from. ki-tju- 'to do or use separately'; the root is kuda 'what'. The word becomes a noun through nominalization; a synonym is kitjuvaday. 
5. tua: OBL
6. su: your, 2nd person singular GEN
7. cekelj: spouse, husband, wife

Voice file: 

From CIP Online Paiwan Dictionary kitjukuda. 

Paiwan Every Day 458: kuda // kinakemudan

maretimaljimalji a kinakemudan na zua mareka kisi. 

Free translation:

Each of those bowls looks different. 

Word gloss: 

1. mareti-malji-malji: different. The root is malji 'different, suprised, distinct' in RED. 
2. a: subject case marker
3. k<in>a-k<em>ud(a)-an: shape or look
4. na: GEN
5. zua: that or those
6. mareka: every, each. reka is said to be a root 'each, every', but I am not sure as there is no other example. 
7. kisi: bowl. I have thought this is a loanword from Japanese. But in Japanese, bowl is 碗 ワン or わん and tableware or utensils is 食器 しょっき. Is it an abridged and reversed version of the second one? Or is it too far-fetched? 

Voice file: 

From CIP Online Paiwan Dictionary kisi. 

Paiwan Every Day 457: kuda // kemudanga

nu padjele itjen a pasusangas tua tjakemudanga, 

nasarunguaq itjen a kipusaliman. 

Free translation: 

If we prepare everything in advance, we will do well. 

Word gloss: 

1. nu: if or when, CONJ
2. pa-djele: prepare. pa- 'to cause to be or occur'; the root is djele 'prepare'. 
3. itjen: we, 1st person plural NOM
4. a: LIG
5. pa-su-sangas: at first. The root is sangas 'first, before'. Is the prefix pa-su or pasu? To be confirmed. 
6. tua: OBL
7. tja-k<em>ud(a)-anga: our everything. tja 'our, prolitic'; k<em>ud(a)-anga 'all or everything' from the root kuda 'what'. 
8. na-saru-nguaq: be comfortable or well or good. na- 'PRF'; saru- or sare- 'to be in the state of'; the root is nguaq 'good, well'. 
9. ki-pu-saliman: to get busy with or do or process. ki- 'to get or obtain'; pu- 'have or acquire'; the root is saliman 'busy or occupied'.  

Voice file: 

From CIP Online Paiwan Dictionary kemudanga or padjele. 

Paiwan Every Day 456: kuda // kemuda

kemuda aya nu varung tu sa sengsengan?

Free translation: 

What do you think of this issue?

(Literally: What does your heard say about this issue?)

Word gloss: 

1. k<em>uda: what, AV. The root is kuda 'what, rule, way of being'. 
2. aya: so says
3. nu: your, 2nd person plural GEN
4. varung: heart
5. tu: complementizer?
6. sa: ca? this?
7. sengseng-an: issue, matter. The root is sengseng 'work, manufacture'. 

Voice file: 

From CIP Online Paiwan Dictionary kemuda. 

Paiwan Every Day 455: kuda // sikuda

karasurasudji. sikuda a marivurivu. 

Free translation: 

Let's reconcile and unite. What's the use of fighthing?

Word gloss: 

1. ka-rasu-rasu-dj-i: to reconcile and unite, IMP INCL. The root is rasudj 'reconcile' in RED. 
2. si-kuda: what, IF. The root is kuda 'what'.
3. a: LIG
4. ma-rivu-rivu: fight, AV. The root is rivu 'argue' in RED. 

Voice file: 

From CIP Online Paiwan Dictionary sikuda. 

Paiwan Every Day 454: kuda // tjakudain

tjakudain a tisun a tjenglay. 

Free translation: 

What can we do since you choose so. 

Word gloss: 

1. tja-kuda-in: what can we do or what to do. Literally, it means our doing in UV. tja- 'our, 1st person plural GEN prolitic'; the root is kuda 'work, what'. 
2. a: LIG connecting clause
3. ti-sun: you, 2nd person singular NOM
4. a: LIG for verb
5. tjenglay: like or prefer or choose

Voice file: 

From CIP Online Paiwan Dictionary tjakudain. 

Or tjakudain nu seljekuya itjen 'What can we do since it's our own bad luck?'. Haha. Nothing. Just laugh it away, put it behind, and move on. 

Paiwan Every Day 453: kuda // makuda

makuda sun ku sun a qemauqaung a macidjilj?

Free translation: 

What happened with you, as you are crying by yourself?

Word gloss: 

1. ma-kuda: what happened, AV. ma- 'ot be in the condition of'; the root is kuda 'what'. 
2. sun: you, 2nd person singular NOM
3. ku: conjunction of a subordinating clause
4. a: LIG
5. q<em>au-qau-ng: crying, AV. The root is qaung 'cry'. 
6. a: LIG
7. ma-cidjilj: alone or by oneself. The root is cidjilj 'oneself'. 

Voice file: 

From CIP Online Paiwan Dictionary makuda. 

namakuda and makuda mean 'what happened to or what's wrong with'. They two must also share sameness as well as nuanced difference. How to explain?

Paiwan Every Day 452: kuda // kakudanan

azua a ku qali a ti cunuq, 

liyaw aravac a kinljakeljang a patjara tjakakudanan a paiwan. 

Free translation: 

That friend of mine, cunuq, has a lot of knowledge about our Paiwan culture. 

Word gloss: 

1. a-zua: that
2. ku: my, 1st person singular GEN
3. qali: male friend
4. a: LIG
5. ti: subject case marker for specific person
6. cunuq: male name
7. liyaw: many, a lot of
8. aravac: quite, very much
9. a: subject case marker for common noun
10. k<in>lja-keljang: knowledge. I am not sure about the morphology here. 
11. a: LIG
12. patjara: about
13. tja-ka-kud(a)-an-an: our culture. tja- 'our, 1st person plural GEN bound'; ka- 'in past'; the root is kuda 'rule, custom'; -an-an '?' I am no sure why two?
14. a: LIG
15. paiwan: Paiwan

Voice file: 

From CIP Online Paiwan Dictionary kakudanan. 

I don't know the difference between kakudan and kakudanan. Both  mean culture and custom. But there must be some difference in meaning or usage. 

Paiwan Every Day 451: kuda // namakuda

namakuda a su liqu? 

Free translation: 

What's wrong with your neck? 

Word gloss:

1. na-ma-kuda: what happend with or what's wrong with AV. na- 'PRF'; ma- 'in the condition of'; the root is kuda 'rule, work, what'. 
2. a: subject case marker
3. su: your, 2nd person singular GEN
4. liqu: neck. I was looking for throat, it is tjigeraw or driaqulan in southern Paiwan. But in norther Paiwan, liqu is used to also mean throat.

Voice file: 

From CIP Online Paiwan Dictionary namakuda.